Is Study Guide Midterm

generalize some basic terminology in IS evidence how IS detains a major companys communication channel function (UPS case) development and applied science strategy inevitable Readings Chapter 1, Text, foliates 2-35 Preparation and Questions Read the UPS case c arefully, peg. 23-24 What are the inputs, processing, and outputs of Pups packet boat tracking system? What technologies are used by UPS? How are these technologies related to to Pups affair strategy? What problems do Pups information systems solve?What would happen if these systems were not available? baby Collaboration through Technology Introduce the group Contract encounter the basics of collaborative behavior Examine dissimilar types of collaborative technology that ignore be used to support police squad behavior Choose a collaboration platform for your team Required Readings Chapter 2 Collaboration selective information Systems, pegs. 41-71 Questions and Preparation What experiences have you had with col laboration tools in the past? Have you used Keep, Google Docs, SMS Tools to get projects done? Have you invariably worked on a virtual team? How did collaboration work when you could not work face to face?What are some of the criteria that you are intellection about in choosing the appropriate collaboration platform for your team? Be sure you understand the pros and cons of the different collaboration tools divulge in this chapter . SIS Competitive Strategy Competitive Advantage through the Web Objectives point how technology changes are affecting industries and businesses within different industries. Example of Blockbuster, Nettling Examine how different impasses (Ezra and TAX) make different technology choices to support distinct strategies conceive the concept of the persistent Tail Reading Text, pages 83-104.Movie Rental Business Blockbuster, Nettling and Redbook SMS Tools Long Tail How do the various players create and capture value? (movie studios, theaters, videodisc r etailers, Blockbuster, Nettling, Redbook, On Demand, orchard apple tree TV) What factors guide to Nettling growth? How should Blockbuster have responded? What Factors led to Redbirds growth? Why did it capture a market already dominate by others? What are the strike success factors in movie term of a contract? How do Blockbuster, Nettling and Redbook compare on these dimensions? Whats next? What advice do you have for players in this business?SIS- Business Process, Information Systems, Information unsettled Field manual witness at a basic level what a business process is Understand how to map a business process Understand the relationship between business processes and information systems Text, Chapter 4 Business Processes, Information Systems and Information Pages 105-123. Nomadic FM on Business Process realized the assignment in the Nomadic Field Manual before you fill out to class. FM Assignment due in class Review the BPML on page 110 Identify one or two key business pro cess that your company exit need to develop.What is the information that will be required? How would you map one of these processes? SIS Applying Process cerebration Understand how to improve the business processes of a small company Understand how to link business process improvement with information technology support Create a process map for your business Readings 1-888-Jungian Pegs. 133- up to realizable Information Technology Solutions, peg. 137. What are the business problems that Marcus magnate is facing? put down to class a map of the major business processes that are described in the case.What does your process map reveal about the information problems that King is facing? SIS Database I To understand what a database is To understand the residue between spreadsheets, databases and files To understand how businesses use database software to access critical information for managing all aspects of the business To explore how to construct a relational database Text, Cha pter 6 Foundations of Business Intelligence Databases and Information Management pages 149-166. Be sure you can identify the following a) Primary key(s) b) Relationships c) 1 and the many side d) unknown Keys What is an entity?Understand the basics of tracking customers as they click through your website Understand how to measure the value of net advertising Understand different types of Internet advertising such as banner ads versus pay per click Text, peg. 239-250, Mended. Com confronts Click-Through Competition, What does the advertizer want? (sales, leads, product awareness? ) What are the best metrics for measure success? What specific consumer behaviors determine whether or not a business model produces the desired results? How would Heather Yates Justify buying impressions rather than click-through?What are her alternatives? What is the difference in value between a general absorb site vs.. A niche site to a consumer? Which is the more(prenominal) defensible business mo del from an advertising standpoint? What steps can Mended set about to address emerging competitors? SIS I-Technology Infrastructure Define IT infrastructure and describe its components. Identify and describe the stages and technology drivers of IT infrastructure evolution. Assess contemporary calculator hardware platform trends. Assess contemporary software platform trends. Text, Chapter 9 IT Infrastructure and Emerging Technologies pages 251-298What has been the business impact of declining costs for communications and unified circuits? What kinds of infrastructure are needed to make the phone work? (Hint its more than Just the phone) Review the definition of cloud computing on page 245. What is the likely impact of this shift on the software industry? Microsoft? Apple? What is the likely impact on businesses? Consumers? SIS 2-Developing and Acquiring Information Systems Chapter 10, pages 299-347 Nomadic Field Manual Exercise on Systems Analysis and Design screw the assignment in the Nomadic Field Manual before you count to class.

American Indian Education Essay

In this article the author argues that the American brass should provide the Indian decree the opportunity to create their own foundation garment, for elevate teaching. He believes the American culture is being hale upon Indian society through education. Arthur C Parker believes in further education, as he himself is a no graduate from Dickinson Seminary. In his experience, Indian Students atomic number 18 being taught to adopt to common American culture, while disregarding in that location own family tree.He states that by placing an Indian University, students would be granted the opportunity to further there education, as well as, the opportunity to embrace there own culture. establish upon Indian culture, Indians allow be able to expand there education at a superior level, while never being forced to be similar to the white race. The American Indian wouldnt be no less than an American, now be treated any differently, unless he believed that the Indian had the opportuni ty to be granted the said(prenominal) education.Furthermore, he feels like no other Indian should be left come out of the closet of the proper education they deserve. In conclusion, Arthur C. Parker robustly stands up for his believes, and does bend his corpus in shame, he is proud to be and Indian. Considering the time frame, 1913, where America is a developing nation of many cultures, the brining of a whiz race institution would cause a big controversy.America is known as the resolve Pot, where there is a variety of different cultures. To one, this article will seem to be talking back to American society. Parker has a strong believe and feels like this will improve the Indians education. I believe that he is so passionate for the American Indian University because he did not rent the opportunity to complete his education, probably because he didnt feel at ease in his learning environment.In my perspective, this article is important, but nothing fantastic from modern days, this issue continues with other races. The opportunity to have a single race intuition wouldve meant that every single race would have that same right, one has to be accustomed to what America is, as of today, a mixture of many cultures and beliefs. In my opinion, any student who believes, and want a high education, will do so in any environment they are in.

Race and Ethnicity Essay

The ongoing endeavor to fight the skin chroma prejudice in the contemporary the Statesn society is portrayed in Michael capital of Mississippis vocal medical specialty sinister or White. Whereas the racism is defined as a superior fashion ag psychealst other race-thus making it inferior, the singer refers to this term as See, its non about races, bonnie places, faces, where your blood comes from is where your space is. Michael capital of Mississippi, unriv whollyed of the closely important artists in the music industry, c every last(predicate)s for followity in how people view and exile towards each other.The question, which this master thesis investigates, does it matter if youre sickened or snow-clad, is buildly answered by the singer It dont matter if youre black or snow-clad. Jackson was trying to influence his society to knead in a similar way and he calls for them to inhabit their lives by Dr. Luthers dream . judged not by the color of their skin, bu t by the content of their character. However, almost thirty years ulterior, it still seemed exactly as a dream because he sang Im shopworn of this Devil, where the bad is creation represented by the prejudice.At the identical time, he clearly states Im not gonna spend my behavior being a color this is where he makes his conclusion. This commode imply that counterbalance though he doesnt discriminate and would like to see color prejudice g adept, he is still being discriminated once against. While being the most prominent artist in the music industry, he still calls himself a color and he rebuts against it and wants to be seen for the person he is and not the pigmentation of his skin.It is wide known that Michael Jackson had m any facial plastic surgeries and it is controversial whether or not he altered his skin color by chemical peels or was it the disease called vitiligio that transmitd his face color to discolor. Therefore, it can be speculated that he modified ski n to appear white, which ultimately is his vision. It can be boost questioned since Michael Jackon cant win his agitate for racial equality, did he pay off up and go white just to end his interior engagement? Will all his suffering come to closure since now he looks white?Is this the true answer? It may be deemed as so since the skin color is the guide of ones position in the society where being white claims supremacy-control and power. It should be state that Michael Jackson is one of the greatest musicians of all times, having sold over 750 million records worldwide. He has effectuate so much in his life, yet still feels inferior and calls for racial equality in the world. His vision for a better world to live in, free of racism, ends on a sad note Its black, its white.To summarize, through decades, the blacks ready fought to be equal, as the American people shall guarantee those rights, yet, the society is still divided into the superior, the whites, and inferior- the blacks (and other people of color). Blacks hurl always been portrayed as the dirty, the poor, the slighter-of-a human type whereas the whites argon seen as the dominant, the good type. Again, Jackson does not agree with this stereotype in face I aint punt to none. Moreover, he claims that he entrust no longer be scared and mentions historical symbol of a KKK group I aint scared of your brother, I aint scared of no sheets. With his passing in 2009, many of his intimate struggles come to the end, but provide the next generation start on the job(p) on being color-free as the king of pop envisioned? America has always struggled with racial issues, especially those of black and white. Some them included racial segregation, education, workforce, banking and even seating on the bus. Black people continuously seek to break thru into community, but were always pushed aside as dirty, poor and unwelcome. We, in fresh times, see the United States of America as a dry land that treats e preciseone equal.Americans should all be all equal, no matter what race, color, religion or any other characteristics they have. After all, we all remember year 2009, which is when Americans select their starting time African American president. Question that comes to mind why first African American President, not just plain their 44th President? So the race and color of your skin does matter in modern times. My analyses of selected books, academic journals, films and music video will concentrate and betoken if Americans and then discriminate against race or if it is history and no longer exists in American life.First, I would like to take into friendship the iconic Michael Jackson, one of the greatest, perhaps the greatest singer and performer of the 21st century. Not only his songs deserve a closer look, but as well as his lifestyle ideas, fears and the earthly concern opinion. Black or White by Michael Jackson and Bill Bottrell is a one of the greatest singles in M ichaels career. It was released on November 11, 1991. What inspire Michael to particularly select these two topics? Black or white as implied in the song, he sings about skin color.Songs starts in Africa, possibly demonstrate Jacksons beginning he is black. In one of the scenes, Michael sings I aint scared of no sheets I aint scared of nobody while he is walking through bolt images which is being compared to KKK and its torch ceremonies. Here, he is portraying his painful vision of KKK and its vision. Later, the performers sing Im not gonna spend my life being a color. What a great statement. Michael, throughout his whole life and his career, shows us his inner and constant fight for a non-racial America.Being black himself, he had struggled and eventually came to the top, but still did not achieve the level of happiness which is no color in his country. Later, Jackson sings on Statue of Libertys torch, again possibly reminding us about the KKK, and at the homogeneous ti me the Statue symbolizes liberty, which for him will be color-free, no disagreement America. We shouldnt forget about Michaels actions in this video. In the original version, he is smashing the car, windows and the inn exploded. However, later he had to edit this version to minimize his violent behavior, however.He altered it by adding four racial graffiti messages onto the windows that he was smashing. As I suggested earlier, Michael Jackson is portrayed as an angry black man who evidently hates the discrimination against black people and shows his feelings by destroyed his surroundings, as he was being destroyed himself just for being of black color. In is interest to observe, the Jackson, when asked to change his destructive aggressive music video, he indeed did change it, but didnt forget about this hostility towards discrimination. He had just portrayed it differently (graffiti).First message reads Hitler Lives, then Nigger Go Home, No More Wetbacks, and finally KKK Rules. It can be argued if Michael Jackson is simply smashing windows with those painful ideas is destroying them to make a better world? Finally, the song comes from the album Dangerous. What did the author have in mind? Are all of those issues, painful experiences and the fight for non-colored America dangerous? It can be argued that yes. Jackson showed us the dangerous side of being black, where he was always coerce to fight and that causes different sorts of trouble.In Black or White, Michael brilliantly portrayed two core problems people were facing daily black or white. As we look at his lifestyle and constant metamorphoses, Michael Jackson had numerous surgeries that altered the color of his skin and make him white. It is very controversial as many sources quote that Jackson had a condition where one looses a pigment of his skin, called vitiligo. However, Michael Jackson public image is seen as a person who constantly tried to be white, therefore, sought surgeries to help him a ttain this goal.Michael Jackson shows us that it could have probably been easier to make himself white and not struggle for color-free America, where everyone is equal, no matter of who there are or what they look like. It would also be important to analyze some of the lyrics from Jacksons music video. He sings I had to tell them I aint second to none. It can be understood that he no longer is evaluate the fact that black is second, which is worse, just because of the color. He continues And I told about equality he tells us he wants to be considered equal, despite his skin color. succeeding(a) verse, he has really had enough of being pushed around because he is black I am tired of this devil, I am tired of this stuff, I am tired of this business. Finally, he talks about racism in See, its not about races, Just places, Faces, Where your blood, Comes from, Is where your space is, Ive seen the bright, propose duller, Im not going to spend, My life being a color. Here Michael Jac kson compares himself to simply being a color. He is little than a human being only because he is not white. He is black. Again, he accents his refusal of living his life being black. He wants to be equal, equal to white. It should be also noted that throughout video, Michael Jackson is wearing black and white clothing (white shirt, black blazer, white accents on his right fort and nails, black shoes, white socks). He seems to be a person caught in a black-and-white world and struggles to change it, showing his pain. However, at the very end, he turns into a black panther. This transformation may symbolize him as a black man who will fight for his rights, yet, still run black.In book The Color of Credit Mortgage Discrimination, Research Methodology, and Fair-Lending Enforcement Stephen L. Ross and outhouse Yinger present racial issues and argue the importance of skin color in banking. It should be noted that this book was published in 2002, year where we all think that American people are equal, especially on racial basis. Therefore, why and how does the skin color come into gip in banking? First, the American lenders take many factors into consideration when disbursing the mortgage.Such factors include many expound such(prenominal) as the deferred paymentors susceptibility to repay the loan where the lender accesses the potential risk of losing the loan. There are many different lenders and they pedestal their information on statistics, demographics and make final decision establish on the risk factors. Research showed that mainly blacks would seek loans, which are not well-situated to all lenders. Therefore such bank does take race into consideration when reviewing for application for credit. It is also shown that blacks will most likely work with sub bill lenders (44%) with compare to whites (only 4%).Blacks generally cannot use the prime mortgage market payable to their poor qualifications, thus creating the black to white ratio of getting th e mortgage with figures of 2. 28 denial for prime market and 1. 27 for subprime. At the same time, limited research shows that blacks-even though have some qualifications as white would remain in the subprime market and thus be charged higher(prenominal) fees. Equal Credit Opportunity Act says It shall be unlawful for any creditor to discriminate against any applicant, with respect to any aspect of a credit transactionon the basis of race, color, religion, national origin, sex or matrimonial status, or age (provided the applicant has the capacity to contract).(U. S. Code Title 15, Chapter 41, variance 1691) This would mean that all people should be treated equally in banks, when doing business in banks, no discrimination in credit transaction. However, authors argue that the bank may take a different look at the person and who they are in business necessity can be proved. Therefore, even while it is regulated by law, certain discriminatory practices can and do exist.Later, it wo uld be rather hard to prove that the lender discriminated based for example on race. All regulations are not very clear and courts find it hard to find such a connection of discrimination. It is implied that blacks, with poorer ability to repay, living in freeze off income communities, must(prenominal) face subprime, dearly-won mortgages to possibly make as much money as possible in the shortest time-so if the black borrower defaults on his payments, the lender wouldnt lose its investment.This is to compare with the white borrower who lives in the richer-type setting, is more likely to meet his payments, therefore, he is offered a prime mortgage rate, without the necessity to unless secure the loan. It can be argued if blacks and whites are treated equally, despite many regulations. On one hand, the lender must adhere to all necessary regulations, but on the other hand, such institution can make necessary decisions to make that mortgage utile thus, taking all factors into con sideration in the application process.We can further analyze that race and color of skin does matter when one is being evaluated for such an application. It is believed that whites pose a lower risk to a fiscal institution than blacks. This also means, as authors point out, that black are less likely to be approved for a higher-priced home than a white person, which causes the real estate agents to discriminate and not show the more expensive houses to blacks. Maybe they dont discriminate, they just know that lender is not likely to approve a black person in analogy to the same application of a white person?It is particularly important to note that authors point out that on average, black mortgage applications have higher loan-to value and debt-to-income ratios than do white applications. In closing, it should be noted that while many regulations exist, there is no proof that racial discrimination has gone away and some research suggests that blacks still have lower approval rate in comparison to the whites. It is said that race does play a key role when the lender looks at your mortgage application.

Movie crash

The film that had an imp wager on me was the motion picture Crash. This Oscar-winning movie written and directed by Paul Haggis showed so many an some other(prenominal) lessons slightly life that are important. The movie demonstrated the consider for empathy in this world. No matter what color or sex or size, tribe withdraw to show more empathy to one another. just this movie is also more or less the anger and frustration that we carry somewhat with us everyday as well. Living in the modern day world is tough, but we need to find better ways to relate to for each one other. As Robert Jensen says, We completely carry rough racial/ethnic baggage thats jammed with unfair stereotypes, long-stewing grievances, raw anger and crazy fears. Even when we think we start out made progress, we find ourselves caught in frustratingly complex racial webs from which we cant seem to pick out untangled (Jensen).No matter where we are from around the world, the point resides that we need to find better ways to take a leak along. Not however with those from other places and backgrounds but with those next to us who deserve better. This idea of Its the sense of encounter. In any real city, you walk, you chouse? You brush past people, people bump into you. In L.A., nobody touches you. Were always behind this metal and glass. I think we miss that touch so much, that we crash into each other, just so we can smell out something. means that we need more relating and touch and understanding from the people around us. This idea of being able to relate to each other and get along is shget over and over again in this movie star example of the theme of getting along are the characters of Rick and denim (Brendan Fraser and Sandra Bullock), a fecund white couple. Rick is a DA who tries to remain unprejudiced, but the viewer feels alike he is any about render so he can be re-elected. Nothing real seems to germ from him, and the viewer suspects that he is having an aff air with his white co-worker. Jean, on the other hand, is all real. She is increidibly prejudiced against the Hispanic locksmith who comes to the house. She very all the way tells her husband exactly what she thinks.I would like the locks changed again in the morning. And you know what, you might mention that next time wed appreciate it if they didnt send a gang memberShe is a mean person, and she has this one memorable quote. She is talking with a so-called fighter on the phone and she begins to explain the way she feels, I am crazy all the time and I dont know why (Crash). The viewer wonders how many others feel this way. Jean has supposedly everyone that anyone would want. She has lots of money and a rich and important husband. She can do anetying she wants, but she has nobody in her life. If a woman like this is angry all the time, what can that say for the outride of us?She berates and chastises everyone due to her own un joy, and I believe that may just be the general state of the world. And at one point, she tells her maid that she is thusly her best friend. This is the maid who has taken her to the hospital after she has fallen exhaust the stairs her friends were too busy. We need to find ways to connect with each other and make our lieves more fulfilling, so that we can have relationships with other people. That is the lesson that Jean teaches in the film. the old adage that money cannot buy happiness is shown again. Meaningful people in our go aways bring happiness.Another character who displayed the importance of relationships, and was the opposite of Jeans character was the Latino locksmith Daniel (Michael Pena). By depression glance this man did not have half of what Jeans character did. He was just a working-class guy toilsome to make a living. However, when we catch a glimpse of him at mansion with his family, our take is altogether different. The viewer sees him under the covers with his daughter telling her a sotyr about the inv isible cloak and being a dad and a family man. His story is plauful and fun, not just matter of fact.She had these little stubby wings, like she couldve glued them on, you know, like Im gonna believe shes a fairy. So she said, Ill prove it. So she reaches into her backpack and pulls out this invisible cloak and she ties it around my neck. And she tells me that its heavy(a). You know what impenetrable means? It means nothing can go through it. No bullets, nothing. She told me that if I wore it, nothing would hurt me. And I did. And my whole life, I neer got accident, stabbed, nothing. I mean, how weird is that? (Crash).He enjoys his time with his daughter, like tucking her in at night. It seems that he is good at his job, but he works to live rather than lives to work. he lloves his wife and his daughter, and the viewer cringes at the idea of something abominable happening in this family. The scene where Daniels daughter almost gets shot is one of the most tense of the film. This man, while he does not have money or status, shows the viewer what life is all about. he pulps substantive connecters in life, and these are what sustain him.And there is another character who seems to be in the middle, between Jean and Daniel in his ability or leave out of ability to form relationships. This is officer Ryan. While he is a antiblack cop and does some terrible things in this movie, he is also a human being as evidenced by the scenes with his begetter. Because of his powerlessness at home, he is able to commit horrible atrocities at work and yet, swordplay around and do something entirely redeeming. His sense of powerlessness is because his father may have cancer, but their HMO prevents them from using a different doctor.His father is having prostate trouble, and the viewer sees the two of them together at night in the bathroom. The humiliation in these scenes is overwhelming, and the love between father and son is clearly shown. But Officer Ryan takes all tha t out on those around him. He tries to appeal to the caseworker Shaniqua, but he still insults her by flogging out about affirmative action. In the end, she cannot form a connection with him, and she honestly anwers his pleas with,Your father sounds like a good man. And if hed come in here today I probably would have approved his request. But he didnt come in, you did. And for his sake, thats a real shame.We cant sincerely blame Shaniqua for not wanting to help him, but the viewer wishes that she would. once again and again we are shown what happens when we lack compassion and empathy for others and do not form relationships.The title itself and the opening quote implies that we are too busy with our own lives to get to know others, but that many of our preconceived notions or prejudices would be gone if only we would take the time. This applies for people from all walks of life. If rich people never do things where they come into contact with different types of people, the preco nceived notions leave behind continue to exist. The other lesson here is that everyone has a story and a actor for acting the way they do. If human beings could just take the time to involve about toehrs, we could at least begin to understand why they act the way they do. Crash does a phenomenal job of showing us these things without preaching.Works CitedChang, Jeff and Chan, Sylvia. Can innocence Hollywood Get Race decline? Posted July 19, 2005. Retrived April 27, 2007 at http//www.alternet.org/movies/23597/?page=3Jensen, Robert and Wosnitzer, Robert. 2006. Crash the and Self-Indulgence of White America. Retrieved April 26, 2007 at http//www.nthposition.com/crashandtheself-indulgence.php     

Fsibl

Introduction Muslim tilling in Bangladesh There ar currently 7 commercial savings banks operating chthonic Islamic principles. They ar 1. Islami cashbox Bangladesh moderate, 2. Al-Arafah verify Ltd. 3. Social enthronization believe Ltd, 4. Exim fix Ltd, 5. Shahjalal Islami edge Ltd. 6. Icb Islamic Bank Ltd 7. eldest protective c overing Islami Bank Ltd. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND First credentials Islami Bank Limited (FSIBL) was incorporated in Bangladesh on 29 dread 1999as a banking company low Companies Act 1994 to carry on banking business.It obtained permissionfrom Bangladesh Bankon 22September 1999to commence itsbusiness. TheBankcarries banking activities done its Fifty Three (53) disseveres in the country. The commercialbanking activities of the bank encompass a wide range of function including accepting specifys,makingloans,discounting bills, conductingmoney transferand alienexchangetransactions,andperforming other related assistant suchas safekeeping,collect ionsandissuingguarantees,acceptances and letter of citation. At the beginning, FSIBL started their business with traditional commercial banking run.However, from 2008 they converted their business to Islamic Banking with Islamic shariah Act. The FSIBL has played a pioneering role in shaping the future of the Banking intentness inBangladesh since its inception. The Bank started in 1999 with 14 branches and now it has 53branches in Bangladesh and recently the bank chisel in an Exchange House in Canada. The Bank also maintains a plenary correspondent dealingship with top ranking banks. FSIBL has already started their on-line, SMS and ATM banking facilities for their clients. 2. 2 Vision of the Bank Wherever you be, you can Bank with us is the proverb ofFirst Security Islami Bank. FSIBL isprep ard to construe the challenge of the 21st carbon well ahead of time. To cope with the challengeof the new millennium it hired see and well-reputed banker of the country from theincepti on. Thebankhasefficientanddedicatedprofessionalandequippedwithmodemtechnology to put up the best service in the need of the people and consequently to realise its vision. Sothe Bank defamed its Vision to be the most efficient Islamic Bank in terms of guest serviceprofitability and technology drillMission To develop & deliver the most innovative products, maintain customer experience, deliver qualityservices that contributes to brand strength, establishes a competitive advantage and enhancesprofitability, thus providing value to the stakeholders of the bank 2. 4 Goal of the bank Toexceed customer expectations throughinnovative Islamic financial products &servicesandestablish a strong presence to recognize sh atomic flake 18holders expectation and perfect their rewardsthrough dedicated work force. . 5 Special Features of FSIBL All activities of FSIBL are conducted under a profit/loss ground ashes according toIslamic Shariah to get the nation rid of Usury. Its enthro nisation policies under opposite modes are fully Shariah compliant and wellmonitored by the board of Shariah Council. FSIBLhasincludeonlinebankinginits widerangeofservices. Bangladeshisoftware has been introduced in this feature topromote the local developers. FSIBL regularly arranges its AGMs (Annual General Meeting).Whenever neededEGMs (Extraordinary General Meeting) are also arranged. They believe in providing dedicated services to the clients imbued with Islamic spiritof brotherhood, peace andfraternity. The bank is committed towards establishing a welfare-oriented banking system tomeet the needs of low income and underprivileged class of people. The Bank upholds the Islamic values of establishment of a justified economic systemthrough accessible freedom and equitabledistribution of wealth. FollowingtheIslamictraditions,itisassistingintheeconomic pull aheadofthesociallydeprivedpeopleinthecreationofemploymentopportunitiesandin promotional material of rural areas to ensur e a balance development of the country. 2. 6 FSIBLs Inter Division andBranch Coordination Allthe53branchesarecomputerizedunderdistributedserverenvironment. A nonherfewbranches areplanningto openin nearfuture. FSIBL hasalready started their on-line, SMS andATM banking facilities for their clients.FSIBLhavesetupWide cranial orbitNetworkthroughRadio,Fiber-Optics&other uncommittedcommunication media systems to provide any branch banking to their customers. Customer ofonebranchisnowabletodepositand studymoneyatanyofourbranches. 2. 7 Online Banking FSIBLOnlinebankingapplicationaddressestheneedsofsmall, one-on-oneandcorporateaccountholdersofthebank. Thisapplicationprovidesacomprehensiverangeofbankingservices that enable the customer to meet most of their banking requirements over the Net at anybranch. . 8 SMS Banking SMS bankingis atechnology-enabledserviceoffering frombanks toits customers,permittingthem to operate selected banking services over their mobile phones utilise SMS messagi ng. FirstSecurity Islami Bank Ltd. has officially launched SMS banking service from December 17,2007. 2. 9 Merchant Banking FSIBLs Merchant Banking Group is strongly sighted to offer perfect financial solutions itsclients business. They specialize in the arrangement of various forms of Foreign propertyCredits for Corporate.FSIBL provide the resources, thingummy and services to meet its clientsneeds by arranging Foreign Currency credits through Commercial loans Syndicated loans Lines of Credit from Foreign Banks and monetary Institutions FCNR loans Loans from merchandise Credit Agencies Financing of Imports. 2. 10 annex and go In the inscription and articles of association of the First Security Islami Bank is revised itsarea of operation is clear written. The product of FSIBL is targeted to fulfill that aim.Theproduct and services that are currently available are kick downstairsn below Depository Products First Security Islami Bank is now offering 09 depository products fo r mobilizing the savings ofthe general people. There are also emphasizing on non-fund business and fee based income. playing periodbond/ bid security can be issued at our customers request. FSIBL is constitute to extend L/C facilities to its importers / exporters through establishment ofcorrespondent relations and Nostro Accounts with leading banks all over the world. Loan ProductsFirst Security Islami Bank offers a wide range of loan and advance product to the client forfinancing different purpose that fulfill the requirements of the bank and have good break to theinvestment as well as satisfy the client. Other Product and Services The bank has its concentration for new product and services development for whole itscustomer and change magnitude its customer base. They prefer now faster service with to the lowest degree cost. Fordelivering faster service the bank has introduced online banking service. There are other productsand services that FSIBL has introduced.They are * Online Banking Services * Locker Services * Utility Bills * ATM services FLUCTUATION OF SHARE PRICE (ONE YEAR) BALANCE SHEET ANALYSYS 3. 1. 5 Types of investment Facilities The Banks Policy is to introduce diversified / new types of Products / Product derivativesalong with usual Banking Products. At present the Bank offers the following facilities i. Investment/ Deployment of money a. Bai-Murabaha(DeferredLumpSum/Installment deal)b. Bai-Muajjal(DeferredInstallment /LumpSumSale)c. Ijara (Leasing)d. Musharaka (Joint-Venture Profit-Sharing)e.Mudaraba (Trustee Profit-Sharing)f. Bai-Salam(AdvanceSale andPurchase)g. Hire-Purchaseh. Direct Investmentsi. PostImportInvestmentj. PurchaseandNegotiation of exporting Billsk. Inland BillsPurchasedl. MurabahaImportBillsm. Bai-Muajjal Import Billsn. Pre Shipment Investmento. Quard-ul-Hasan (Benevolent Investment) KYC Concept The Investment bitrs/RM essential know their customers and conduct due diligence onnew borrowers, principals and guaran tors to ensure such parties are in fact who theyrepresent themselves to be i. e. , KnowYour Customer (KYC).The Banker Customer kind would be established first through opening of CD/STD / SB accounts. Proper introduction, photographs of the account holders / signatories,passport,TradeLicense,MemorandumandArticlesoftheCompany,certificateofincorporation, certificate of first gear of business, List of Directors, resolution, etc. i. e. all the required papers as per Banks policy and regulatory requirements are to beobtained at the time of opening of the account. A declaration deliberateing approximatetransaction to the account is to be obtained during opening of account.Informationregardingbusinesspattern, constitutionofbusiness,volumeofbusinessetc. istobeascertained. Any suspicious transaction essential be timely addressed and brought down tothe noticeofthe HeadOffice /Bangladesh Bankasrequiredandalsoappropriatecorrective measures to be taken as per the direction of Bank Managemen t/BangladeshBank SWOT analysis Strength modify ownership pattern Strong market share Good Financial performance Good investment portfolio Comfortable Liquidity position see management team Sound HR development programmes Improvement in automation Wide branch networkSignificant involvement in corporate social responsibility Weakness Unmatched asset versus capital growth Limited delegation of power Limited modern customer service facilities normalize recovery of rescheduled investments High large investment exposures Initial stage of system based internal control procedures Opportunities Investment in SME and Agro based industry Real time online banking Credit card in dual currentness Creation of Islamic Money market product Introduce supra 5 years Islamic bond Threats Market pressure for increasing the SLR Overall liquidity crisis in money marketGovernment pressure to reduce investment rate Increase the capital adequacy position Findings * Most of the costumers do not know the reg ulations of the investment modes. * Shortage of human resources in Investment Section. * Deposit schemes favoring to the customers. * Senior level executives should be more cooperative with the subordinates. * Regarding security service of the bank, account opening and closing system, phone query, cash bring and deposit facility, credit profit rate, online banking, external and internal environment are satisfactory to the customers. Most of the customers are service holder and businessman they alike(p) to come to FSIBL because near to residence / office / work place, better service, easier banking procedure. * Employees of the bank are more cooperative with the customers. * Employees of the bank have good companionship to solve the queries of the customers. * According to the customers opinion more ATM booths needed to be setup in different places. According to the data analysis customers pinch round banking in FSIBL are very satisfied. Recommendations Different types of produc ts and services are available in FSIBL but clients are not concerned about that so advertisement and promotional activities should be increased. * Increasing more deposit schemes under consumer banking. * Providing prompt service in account opening. * Now a day, the online banking service is very much popular in all over the world, so the bank should try to develop in this side. * FSIBL should increase debit card credit card facilities. * SJIBL online service should be fast accurate. The website of SJIBL is not good enough most of the pages are under construction. The page should be constructed as soon as possible. * Should increase the ATM Booths. * More hands is required to run the business smoothly. * Employee trainings and workshops should be administered in order to give them knowledge and professionalism in customer interactions. They should be taught about how to deal with the fuss of customers and problematic situations. * Physical and technological facilities should be increased in evaluating credit proposals. Experienced and expert personnel should be kept within the bank, which lead lead to a quality selection of clients * SJIBL should more commission on customer needs. They need to concentrate more on their existing services and product innovation. * A yearly conference with the employees should be arranged where they leave alone exchange their views with the management about different aspects. This will help to increase the efficiency of the employees. * Prompt service should be given to the customers. In this regard arranging job rotation regularly for employees to improve the skills in different types of service.This will increase the efficiency of the service. * More emphasis should be given on the customers complaint. * Informal training can be a way to improve the skills of the employee. Allocating job responsibility to the employees according to their profit. * Try to create a good envision to customers through different promotiona l tools Conclusion First security Islami Bank Limited is one of the leading Islamic sharah based commercial bank in Bangladesh. FSIBL is committed to provide excellent service to its valued customers. The management of FSIBL always gives special efforts to uphold the interest and institutionalize of their customers.By providing excellence service and special effort First Security Islami Bank has placed itself to a strong position among all the banks. The main focus of FSIBL is to concentrate on the consumer demand, which differentiates FSIBL with other banks. FSIBL has been successfully created a brand image Islamic sharah based in the market and is maintaining a strong position in the market. But still it has some weakness, which can be good overcome. FSIBL has much more potential to explore the existing market. So, to be the number one forever they have to be very perfect in their business.

Maltese Falcon

The Maltese Falcon by Dashiell Hammett is a thrilling movie full of twists and turns and deceits. Each timbre wants the Maltese falcon for the rewards it will bring. Almost everyone is a villain in more or less way or an another(prenominal). I will start with Sam Spade. He is the hero of the story, but I would say he is more of an anti-hero. He plays by his own rules. He is tough and a bit hard-nosed. He doesnt seem to be upset that his partner is dead. I feel that he knew Brigid killed his partner from day one, but for some reason he didnt permit on until the end.Knowing this he still put up with her lies and melodrama. He on the face of it isnt a man of scruples as he was having an affair with his partners wife. At the end I wonder did he love Brigid as he claims or was he just playing with her? Im also left enquire was he redeeming his character by turning Brigid over to the guard or was he saving his own skin? I desire his character but Im not entirely sure about his motiv es at all points in the movie.Im not sure how much I would entrust him. Dashiell Hammett has constructed Sam Spade in a way so the protagonist has become a feature of the book, rather than merely a strong suit for the transfer of clue and information in this novel. The reviewer is given the take place to venture in Spades mind and inner thoughts, Hammett cleverly allows Spade to structure his values, fears and opinions to the respondent and in turn allowing them to associate, trust and relate to him.In bringing the reader closer to the protagonist Hammett has subliminally lured the reader closer to the crime, the suspects and the victims and in the end dragged them deeper into the noir world in which Sam Spade resides. Sam Spade, the detective-protagonist is aware that his best efforts are ultimately futile, to the extent that the corrupt urban environment will inevitably cut and outlast his heroic attempts to see justice done, this sense of Spade abstracted to achieve greater justice implies to the reader that Spade is essentially safe(p) and is resistant to the hostile world which he had devoted his life to combating.Raymond Chandler labels Hammetts character of Spade as a cynical, tough individual who maintains his code of notice in a world tarnished by deception and betrayal at all levels of society In The Maltese Falcon Spade is depict as the blond Satan. Whilst his objective and inner good is clear to the readers, other characters struggle to see Spade in his true light, and describe him as a wild and unpredictable

Unit 4 Equality and Diversity

NCFE Level 2 Certificate in equivalence and Diversity social unit 4 Living in diverse communities discernment You should use this file to complete your Assessment. The first thing you subscribe to do is save a copy of this document, either onto your computer or a disk Then feat through your Assessment, re outgrowthing to save your work regularly When youve finished, print out a copy to keep for savoir-faire Then, go to www. vision2learn. com and send your completed Assessment to your t from each oneer via your My Study scope make sure it is clearly marked with your name, the course title and the Unit and Assessment number.Name 1. Describe a err of appropriate investigative methods that can be used to explore diversity in a community. Range of age. Sex male to female ratio. Different religious belief/faiths, matrimonial status marriage &038 divorce statistics. Ethnicity i. e. which ethnic group is most self-aggrandizing &038 Education etc. This education for example can be sourced by accessing census information, the internet &038 excessively through observational data 2. utilize one (or much) of the methods you outlined in Question 1, sop up the extent of diversity that subsists in spite of appearance your community.You should illustrate your work with some actual data much(prenominal) as statistics or desktop research. Statistics for the whole of BD4 atomic number 18a on religion wholly spate numeration Persons 17497 Christian opine Persons 3892 Buddhist counting Persons 8 Hindu Count Persons 158 Jewish Count Persons 7 Muslim Count Persons 10310 Sikh Count Persons 744 Any other religion Count Persons 18 No religion Count Persons 896 Religion not give tongue to Count Persons 1464 Statistics for the whole of BD4 area on Marital status All People Count Persons 17497 Single (never married) Count Persons 9213 Married (first marriage) Count Persons 5982 Re-married Count Persons 404 Separated ( hardly still leg each(preno minal)y married) Count Persons 461 Divorced Count Persons 628 leave behind Count Persons 809 3.Using one (or more than) of the methods you outlined in Question 1, describe the range of go and agencies that exist within your local community to adjudge diversity. Bradford Refugee meeting place This is run by the Northern Refugee Centre in Sheffield. The city of Bradford itself has a population estimated at just over half a million, 22% of which is BME. This makes Bradford one of Englands melting pots with a significant BME presence. ancestor 1960s, the importation of migrant labour largely from conspiracy Asia to work in the citys growing textile industry resulted in a big concentration of the Pakistan community. The city was rocked by race riots in 1995 and 2001.It similarly experienced increasing inflows of asylum seekers, refugees and migrants from all over the globe in particular from Afghanistan, Iraq, Zimbabwe, Somalia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Iran, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Estonia and other EU states. It is against this background that BRF was create with a broad remit to translate a strong vocalisation for the refugee and asylum community and to achieve this by ensuring active representation of these communities at various strategic forums in political, economic and socio-cultural organizations. Closely allied to this commitment, was the need for empowering these communities through effective learning and development and the delivery of wanted information to the right mint, at the right time and place. Through this strategy, barriers to essential services would be unlocked and the potential for social integration enhanced.Additionally, it was hoped that building strength in the asylum and refugee community, would increase opportunities for individuals to grow their skills, k instanterledge and competencies as salubrious as their income earning potential. Olive Branch institutionalise Olive Branch charge was established in 1983 to invest in the local community of South Bradford, West Yorkshire. Over the divisions the Trust has grown considerably and now focuses on 2 main areas of work, namely the Family and the Youth. The Trust employs many people and these are helped by numerous skilled and dedicated volunteers In 2001 the Trust also became a Limited Company, and then in 2008/9 friendship Interest Companies were formed to better deliver the services to our clients.There are now 2 companies namely Emerge CIC (Youth /Education Services) and BD4 CIC (services to the Family). Whereas the initial focus was our city of Bradford they now provide services to those further afield. do drugs &038 Alcohol Counselling Within Bradford in that respect are several judicatures crack help with drug and inebriant problems, organisations like the Council and the Health Authority and specialiser voluntary organisations. They can give help from practical advice and information to focussing and pres cribing. Support and advice can also be given to families of people with alcohol and drug problems. All the organisations work closely together and use each others special skills.If you converge one organisation and its workers feel another organisation could help you more, they will discuss this with you. But you are welcome to contact any of the organisations. 4. Using one (or more) of the methods you outlined in Question 1, provide a wide range of examples (at least 20) of physical signs that show there is diversity within your community. Include examples relating to Religion Ethnicity Age Disability sex 1-Shop signage in dual language 2-Different places of worship 3-Large amount of mobility aid shops 4-More Asiatic dress shops 5-Halal butchers 6-Charity shops for overseas aid 7-Few English speaking schools -Large amount of interpreter agencies 9-Few English speaking shop workers 10-Increased amount of asian food warehouses 11-Very a few(prenominal) white/british famili es in area 12-More male shop/manufacturing plant workers than female 13-More small family run businesses coal scuttle 14-More asian familes moving into vitiate houses 15-More single males in area 16-Lack of Christmas celebration in area 17-Restaurant more suited to asian community 18-Solicitors specialising in immigration needs 19-Shop opening times to fit in with community prayers 20-Very few churches but increase number of mosques 5. Describe the types of inequality that could exist within a community. overlay on your findings.As displayed in the tables in Q1 it shows that the Muslim community has more followers in the BD4 area than all other religions put together, it also shows that over half of the locality are single persons. 6. Describe the flagellums that exist to equality and diversity within the community, using examples of intolerance and extremism. The Bradford Council for Mosques agreed that Muslims had a negative image in British society. A spokesman said The whol e British Muslim community gets blamed for the misguided actions of a few. The glaring misconceptions about Islam make British Muslims an easy target for blame. Bradford West MP Marsha Singh said There is growing Islamaphobia and it has grown since 7/7 but what we need to do is make sure people keep it in perspective. (Telegraph &038 Argus January 2011)As Pakistan comes out of three days of official mourning following the assassination of Salman Taseer, governor of the Punjab province and a senior member of the Pakistan Peoples Party, people in Bradford are angry and anxious. older public figures among Muslims in Bradford are concerned that Pakistan may be in the grip of religious intolerance that may be a threat to their own friends and family. Ishtiaq Ahmed, spokesman for Bradford Council for Mosques, was in Pakistan a fortnight ago with his wife. He says People there consider no trust in the authorities with find out to law or justice. If something goes wrong, they dont cal l the police. When you have that level of distrust, people take the law into their own hands. (Telegraph &038 Argus January 2011) 7.Research the range of halt services and ne 2rks that exist within the local community to support diversity and explain the specific roles they carry out and the users they support. This task should be completed for each of the following a) Public sector organisations Bradford Royal infirmary NHS hospital for use of any persons needing treatment. Bowling hall medical practice session offers a full range of medical services to the communities of South Bradford. Our two male and four female doctors have extensive experience within the NHS, and hold various surgeries throughout the day. HolmeWood library Library for community residents. b) clement and voluntary organisationsWillow Foundation the only national charity that provides psychological and emotional support for seriously ill 16 to 40 year olds through the provision of special day experience s. St Vincent de Paul Society SVP friendship Shops provide another point of access to SVP services for those most in need. The SVP operates 29 community shops across England and Wales. The shops are situated in areas of want and serve local communities, providing low cost goods and household items to disadvantaged individuals and families, pass a listening ear, and where appropriate, arranging for local SVP members to visit those most in need. c) Self-help groupsAlzheimers society Available to anyone for dementia information operation for the blind Action for Blind People is a national charity providing free and secluded support for blind and partially sighted people in all aspects of their lives. One call to Action means help with anything from finding a job, applying for benefits, housing issues to information on local services. UK Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia Forum The UKs only specific forum for patients, families, friends and carers of those diagnosed with Chronic Lym phocytic Leukaemia Once you have completed this Assessment, go to www. vision2learn. com and send your work to your tutor for marking.

Hul Asignment – Case Study1

1. Employee benefits and Long Term Settlement Although initi exclusivelyy corroboratory ab step up the front, the intensive c be unit workers had begun to demand to a greater extent gold to compensate for the modification magnitude give elan courts and the more expensive food at the TF. ( teddy as real p. 5) The stretch forth was escalated to the corporate head offices who decided that intensive care unit employees would be given(p) a cafeteria premium of Rs. 25 per twenty- tetrad hours but non a conveyance allowance. (case muse p. 7) The three units had opposite policies for afternoon tea breaks Lunch breaks pass lists Festival advances Pay structures Designations Working clocklinesintensive care unit s even up age in three shifts TF six days in twain shifts TIU five days in a single shift The LTS also covers machine speeds, productivity, aesculapian T&Cs, prayer quantify for religious groups. (case take p. 8) manu pulverization federations present th eir charter of demands to the f fermentory centering. Factory heed talk terms with the substitution Industrial Relations Committee for an overall package that the committee would dominance as a constitute forth. Local focal point then negotiate with the junctures and it is signed off once the majority of unions arrest. (case take away p. 8)Each day after 28th of February that the LTS is non concur the employees lose out on whatever salary increment the agreement contained. (case get word p. 8) Older workers be more implicated with pensions, untesteder workers want to increase take home pay. (case ruminate p. 9) (case direct p. 9) The current LTS is for the afternoon tea Factory, the LTS for the TIU expires in 2010 and for the ICU in 2011. twain agreements in the TF LTS testament sterilise precedent for future settlements. Consequences there ordain be uncertainty and zymolysis amongst the employees until the issues ar resolved. Need to improve employee eng agement.Precedents leave be set for future settlements. So considerations should be given to how on the railway line(p) conditions can be go around standardised. LTS negotiations endure in the past last violent provideing in the breakdown of conversation and adverse effects on the business. (case study p. 8) Employees are losing out on benefits while waiting for this to be sorted so it is in every geniuss best interest to resolve it quickly. Solutions A obedient package pull up stakes be an rough-and-ready tool for enlisting and retention of colleagues and inspection and repair to sustain staff motivation and engagement.According to Bratton and bills (2007, p. 364) the reward system is an important consideration when the cheek is trying to pull back suitable employees, and once workers are members of the organisation, their task behaviour and levels of performance are influenced by the reward system. A recent article by Manisha Chada of the spate matters from India has noted the concept of rewards is come uponing increasing popularity, opusicularly due to the various(a) necessarily of an evolved custody.Other factors that should also be considered are competitive salaries, comfortable lifestyle, job security, career enhancement excerptions, and work-life balance Effective conference with employees plays a vital fibre during the restructuring period of whatever organisation as it benefactors to properly communicate the employees to the highest degree the agitates. This helps to re exit the uncertainty and allay fears amongst employees and wherefore may pound any resi bearing that may result thereof.Casio (200296) believes that open and ongoing communication is critical to a victorious restructuring effort. Paton and James (200045) believe that effective communication that is designed to inform, consult and promote action lead help in overcoming both resistance and ignorance amongst employees. Owning shares will ply employees with financial incentives that will make them more committed to the organisation and more motivated at work. If the family is more gainful, employees will gain financially through dividend payments and an remove magnitude share price.Many companies in India oftentimes(prenominal) as pass on employee part pension schemes so employees can choose if they want to put m bingley into the pension or keep it in their take home pay a certain amount of salary can be allocated and company would match up that to a set limit. This would give the older employees the option to put more mvirtuosoy into their Relocation of workers we feel that it is unfair that colleagues down been relocated and without delay have extra get costs and travel time. The company could arrange a bus to pick up employees from certain agreed points and ferry them to the Tea Factory.This could improve colleague commitment as it would show that takes on board their feedback. I would suggest that the focussing police squad should put in place a core package for all employees that can be replicated for the ICU and TIU. Additional benefits could be added dependant on grade and performance. According to an article on Employee Satisfaction in the journal of Industrial care and Data Systems, this would suffer to colleague engagement and motivation. Policies on tea leaf breaks, lunch breaks, festival advances, holiday policy and prayer times could be standardised for all colleagues.It would be wise to carry out a review of the grading structure of all three separate of the Tea Factory and to standardise grades and job titles and pay for colleagues performing uniform roles throughout the organisation. Arguments How are we going to persuade the chief executive officer and management to agree to an improved package. What about the jr. people, will they realise the importance of a pension scheme? Perhaps it would be a good intellection for the company or unions to educate the employees abou t the pension scheme.It would also be a good idea to allow employees to amend the percentage that they contribute at certain times. The management have already declined to pay travel costs individually could help to build relations among employees and gain confidence from the employees. 2. Issues between the management and the unions The challenge of managing the disparate hands will fall to the Factor Manager, the Commercial Manager and the HR Manager. The HR manager, is female, 26 and this is her frontmost assignment. (case study p. 2) There was no HR team in place when Suchita arrived at the factory.All anterior managers had been male, native to the state and had four to five years of experience. One worker had said to her youre younger than even my daughter, and I preceptort like the fact that I have to report to you. Suchita has hired an undergo local man onto the HR team to ease relations with the workforce. (case study p. 6) The leader of the TF essence C is litigiou s, and the union is more uncooperative than the another(prenominal)s. The leader barged into Suchitas office on her first day in the factory and threatened to strike if an issue was not resolved. case study p. 5) The ICU unions had not been part of a large multinational before and were wary of standardised processes. They also mat up that they were not compensated on a par with other HUL unions and looked to the coming(prenominal) merger to gain a significant pay out for their people. When Suchita arrived, the TF and ICU had separate factory managers. Just after she started the ICU manager fall by the wayside and two months later she learned that the TF manager would move to another role in Dec 2008. The abrupt falsify in managers permute magnitude the unions unease. case study p. 67) Union leaders have highlighted the differences in working TCs amongst the different units. (case study p. 8) ICU employees became more resistant and reluctant to change as the move move nearer. (case study p. 8) Management have adopted a tough stance on negotiations see p. 8. As the older workers were replaced inter union rivalries resurfaced. (case study p. 9) Unions are becoming increasingly possessive of their members in order to keep abreast their group identity and importance. (case study p. 9) ConsequencesIf the unions are not organised effectively there is a potential that they will strike. The issues with management structure such as the change in TF and ICU managers are leading to unrest and need to be resolved. The ICU unions peradventure need help to integrate into the TF structure as they are becoming very wary about the changes and could cause unrest and protest amongst the employees. Union rivalry is increasing, could be pitiful for the business therefore it would be relegate to stabilise the structure as soon as possible. Change management. Integration. Solutions To reduce issues between management and unionsEmployees should be allowed to take part r ight from the beginning of restructuring process. Employees are more probable to be supportive of any changes if they are allowed to genuinely take part in meetings and workshops where the envisaged changes are discussed at the outset Every attempt should be make by management to share all the necessary instruction with employees accurately and at appropriate times. This will create an atmosphere of aver and commitment amongst employees and will also enhance the integrity and credibility of management and their intentionsEmployees mustiness always see some benefits coming out of the change process and management must ensure that these gains are arrive atly sound slight by all the relevant employees. Reward structures that are clearly mute by employees as well as facilities such as the cafeteria must be reconsidered as important elements of the change processes A strategic compassionate resource blueprint for retention, re-skilling and movement of employees to new roles and f unctions must be veritable and be made known to all relevant parties. More learn job and training for the local managers including HR manager.Equality and diversity policy and provide training to the colleagues. According to an article by Kathy Gans it is important to gain a good understanding of how changes will impact the workforce. It would be a good idea to conduct surveys to gauge the feelings of employees and then analyse the results to put in concert a plan. Gans identifies that it is important to spend time with managers, supervisors and union leaders to stool their buy in to the process as they will play a significant role in influencing colleagues.Gans also identifies that communication is key to successful change management. It is important to communicate the reasons for the change to the workforce. In this case, we believe that the move of the TIU and the ICU will be beneficial for the company as a whole but will also bring benefits for the employees such as greater s tability and job security. Regular, targeted communication will help go bad employees understanding of the process. Changes do affect organisations and employees.Employees become insecure, confused about their jobs and therefore, less productive. According to Anderson and Anderson (20011) the success of 21st Century organisations will depend on how successful leaders are at leading and managing this change. They argue that close organisation leaders are found wanting when it comes to leading change successfully. Andersons Nine- Phase Change Process Model could be utilised. One to one communication with employees would also help them to voice their fears whilst allowing management to challenge any misconceptions.In 1993 Lloyds bank merged with TSB this is a good example of communication to employees. At the start of the process they made a promise to their employees that they would be open and honest with them, whether the news was good or bad. This helped to build aver with empl oyees at the start of the process and we would recommend it as a system. Union forum structure a communication process between the unions and management. betoken that the unions from the ICU and TF merge these two have equivalent processes and are both factory based.The TIU work is completely different and the unions are national alternatively than local so it may be best for them to remain separate. 3. beau monde Cultures unified enculturation and the cafeteria issue The integrated factory would be tenanted by 250 workers reflecting three pellucid cultures and seven different organised plow unions. (case study p. 1) Biswaranjan Sen (head of project) is concerned that there is a need for a one factory way of doing things that tapped the best of the three cultures. (case study p. ) The underlying ism with which this company has been run for many decades is the belief that what is good for India is good for us, kept up(p) HULs CEO and Managing Director Nitin Paranjpe, add ing , the only way you can keep abreast is to remain relevant to the society in which you operate. Therefore, social and societal demand and contexts, as they changed in this country, have been at the forefront of what weve done. (case study p. 2) The CEOs main concerns were about plans to bridge the cultural gap. (case study p. 9 ) Suchita was not sure whether it would be better to integrate the TF and the ICU right away or to wait.There were business benefits to integrating the units. The two business cycles are different, ice cream peaks just before summer while tea peaks in winter. The integrated units would provide an opportunity to train workers crosswise different businesses and to break the physical separation of workplaces. (case study p. 9) Tea Factory (TF) The workforce at the Tea factory is aging (53+ years) and they have previously experienced challenging times. They were positive about the change of dodge to use the Tea Factory as a central hub. New initiatives wer e embraced and inter-union rivalry vie out in the background. case study p. 34) The TF workers were put out by the changes made for the TIU workers, one Union leader complained We work in 40 degree C on the shop floor in the summer they sit in air conditioned offices. Our food, too, was made better only after the others came. What are we, their poor country cousins? (case study p. 4) amid 2005 and 2008 many workers, including some of the union reps, retired. New colleagues came in who were not as affected by the issues of the past and the culture began to change. Union rivalry increased. (case study p. 5) There are three unions (case study p. ) Union A one of the stronger factory unions, composed mainly of veterans with al nearly 20-25 years of experience. Union B the factorys oldest and at one time largest union though now smaller than Union A after some of its most powerful and respected leaders had retired. Union C the forceful and argumentative style of its leader was ref lected in the general uncooperativeness of the union. The factory unions have on a number of occasions demanded to know why they do not receive the same privileges as the ICU. (case study p. 9) Tea Innovation unit (TIU)Previously located in the Regional Corporate Office, the two unions agreed to move to the Tea Factory on the condition that their office quadrangle was maintained with similar standards for food and other benefits. (case study p. 4) New lucullan air-conditioned offices were installed with a separate entrance creating two separate units with diaphanous cultures. (case study p. 4) There are two unions that are structured and gradable like British unions. They are not local unions, they have a structure, maintain offices and function like an organisation. They are efficient and progressive and dont relate to the factory unions. case study p. 5) Ice rake Unit Acquired by HUL in 1998. HUL antedated many of its standard systems and policies such as quality assurance and workplace safety but the culture and way of working had not changed. Job promotions were not standard, and even designations and titles were different across grades. The working culture was very laid back and relaxed. (case study p. 4) The set up was familial, workers lived nearby and new each others families. Workers frequently went beyond the scope of their work to sky what the business needed and support managements efforts to increase production efficiency.The relationship between management and the two unions was cordial. (case study p. 4) The ICU workers were initially pleased with the announcement that they would move to the Tea Factory as the TF had better facilities for employee welfare and recreation. One union leader remarked By bringing more things here you are strengthen the entire unit and improving our job stability. (case study p. 5) The two ICU unions are affiliated with the State political parties. Because of the cordial relationship with management they wer e the most approachable. They had not been part of a large multinational before.They have a different approach to the LTS, treat their existing LTS as a guideline only. Cafeteria Issues When the TIU relocated to the TF the canteen food was upgraded at greater cost to match the better meals at the Regional Corporate Office. The TF unions refused to pay any more for their food so despite the fact that all other cafeterias were operated on a no profit, no loss basis, HUL agreed to subsidise the difference. (case study p. 4) ICU workers argued that the food at the TF was more expensive than their previous cafeteria and wanted compensation for the difference. (case study p. 57)The issue is important to workforce as food is culturally significant and is interwoven into the social, religious and delicate lives of the people. (case study p. 7) The ICU workers were granted a premium of Rs. 25 per day. This increased tensions over the cafeteria(case study p. 7) The TIU unions argued that the cafeteria was a basic condition of employment in relocating to the TF and their terms cannot change. (case study p. 7) The TF unions stated that management increased the menu when the TIU came in, now they want to water it down when the ICU comes in. Is it fair that it changes each time a new unit comes in? case study p. 7) The factory unions would almost certainly resist managements effort to change the cafeterias full lunch subsidy, and the other unions had already made it clear that they were adamantly opposed to separate menus. (case study p. 10) Consequences How to build greater enhancer and trust with employees? If the cultures are not integrated rivalry and jealousy between the units will continue to increase which could lead to strikes and a mistrustful and de-motivated workforce. An dejected workforce is less productive and less supportive of management initiatives so solutions need to be found.The employees are unhappy about the cafeteria for various reasons. Solutions The organisation cannot function properly with several dominant cultures. One dominant culture will therefore have to be adopted for the new organisation. it is domineering for managers to equip themselves with conflict handling techniques to enable them to effectively manage the change process. An organisational restructuring process will only be successful if it aligns all the aspects of the organisation. Johnson and Scholes (2002534) argue, If change is to be successful, it also has to link the strategic, operational and everyday aspects of the organisation. in the first place SmithKline merged with the British-based Beecham Group a few years ago, the Philadelphia-based drug maker wanted to find out whether the corporate cultures of the two firms were sufficiently similar to make the merger succeed. During the merger, over 2,000 people from both firms were divided into more than 200 teams to figure out how to integrate their respective structures, systems, and cultures. From th e very beginning, they were information how to work together, Integration integrate the corporate cultures of both organizations.This involves combining two or more cultures into a new composite culture that maintain the best features of the previous cultures. Raytheon is applying an desegregation strategy as the defense and aerospace roll up maturates a new culture for the half-dozen companies that recently merged or were acquired. 56 Integration is most effective when the companies have relatively weak cultures or when their cultures include several overlapping values. Integration also works best when people realize that their existing cultures are ineffective and are therefore motivated to adopt a new set of dominant values.However, integration is slow and potentially risky, because there are many forces preserving the existing cultures. detachment A separation strategy occurs where the merging companies agree to remain distinct entities with minimal exchange of culture or organizational practices. Insignia Financial Group, a South Carolina real estate firm, has applied a separation strategy to its more than 30 acquisitions over the past decade. When we buy the companies, we leave the bag in place, says Henry Horowitz, Insignias executive managing director. Were buying a successful company. Why would we want to disrupt something that works?And the morale becomes yucky if you start decimating. Separation is most appropriate when the two merging companies are in unrelated industries because the most appropriate cultural values flow to differ by industry. Unfortunately, few acquired firms remain independent for long because executives in the acquiring firm want to control corporate decisions. Therefore, its not surprising that only 15 percent of acquisitions leave the purchased organization as a stand-alone unit. Cafeteria to offer a range of food at various prices of the colleagues can pick and mix their meals and pay as much or as little as they wan t to.There is no staff development scheme in place, perhaps factory workers could develop towards a role in the Tea Innovation Unit could help to break down the barriers between the units and dispel rivalry. Could include training relevant to role e. g. health and safety, equlity and diversity (Motivation and engagement) Listen to the employees not everything through the unions, employee forums and possibly one to ones with colleagues to develop two way communication between management and employees. feller engagement surveys Allow feedback from employees on managers, develop psychological contracts with employees. supply social events to break down barriers Multiskill the workforce, perhaps ask for volunteers at first then roll out further. Allow employees to work flexible patterns. 4. Colleague issues development, motivation, staff levels Tea Factory In the 90s HUL adopted a strategy of regionalising tea production. As a result production at the Tea Factory decreased and betwee n 1989 and 1998 there were eight rounds of voluntary redundancy. (case study p. 3) Workers heard stories of those who had taken VRS and had not done well. As a result some higher level employees voluntarily downgraded to ensure job security. case study p. 3) In the 90s the workers perception was that the company made a lot of money and there was no need to worry. There was reluctance to acknowledge that although the company as a whole was profitable their unit might not be contributing to that performance. (case study p. 3) Management need to replace the many worker who retired between 2005 and 2008. They are concerned about the emergence of a new set of opinion leaders. (case study p. 8) Newer workers who had not witnessed the downturn of the Tea Factory were less restrained in their demands. In the old days, the workmen would come in on Sunday for training, even without overtime pay, although they didnt know how it would benefit them. they were that motivated. Now, we have to per suade the new recruits to come in on a Sunday. And we pay them overtime (case study p. 9) Consequences Management need to replace the employees who retired as the rest of the workforce will be under pressure to cover until the positions are filled. Newer workers are no longer motivated by fear of losing their job so a way needs to be found to motivate them.Colleagues need to be kept informed of the performance of the unit so they can act accordingly. Solutions Consider perspectives and experiences of local employees. Consider interventions that could bring the best out of the employees e. g. introduce a reward and recognition scheme to reward performance. (Motivation) Create a performance culture introduce targets, regular one to ones, plans for output an deliver against it link output to bonus Older employees bring a diverse range of skills, could use them in a different capacity e. g. coaching and mentoring the new staff.

Learning Diversity Essay

After studying this chapter, you should be qualified to 1. De? ne ethnic salmagundi 2. Describe the role of g hurtiness in shaping similarities and di? erences among respective(a)(prenominal)s 3. Recognise operate and ethnicity as an element of micro ethnical mixture 4. Explain the educational implications of di? erences in scholars mark offing bearing 5. infinite images of cognitive manner 6. Relate sex di? erences and socio-economic stead to unmarriedistic di? erences issues and 7. Describe t all(prenominal)ers strategies in include mixed bag. Individual Differences 7 171i. CHAPTER 7 l respective(prenominal) DIFFERENCES.171 INTRODUCTION As instructors, we must be aw atomic number 18 of active studentsindividual differences much(prenominal) as differences in culture, ethnicity, intelligent, speechs, scholarship styles, and so on It is beca single-valued function it whitethorn recruit students realizeing or limit their opportunity to learn from the aim env ironment. These factors should be taken into consideration when we plan pedagogics and discipline process in the classroom. We begin by discussing the de? nition of cultural diversity and evidence factors that contri excepte to studentsdiversity.Next, we realize the differences of acquirement styles and cognitive styles among students. This is followed by the explanation of sexual practice differences that in? uence the students performance. In the ? nal section of this chapter, we result discuss how instructors underside cope with the individual differences effectively in the teaching and eruditeness process. man-to-man DIFFERENCES l CHAPTER 7 172 Characteristics of an individuals society, or of some sub sorts within this society. It includes values, beliefs, nonions about acceptable and inconceivable behaviour, and new(prenominal) socially constructed ideas that members of the culture atomic number 18 taught atomic number 18 true. (1994 in Tan 3003).Those h uman characteristics that waste both the potential to either better or limit a students capacity to learn from the domesticate environment. Henson & adenylic acid Eller (1999, p121) Individual differences ar the variations we observe among members of any group in a particular characteristic, much(prenominal) as temperament, energy aim, fightership patterns and p arent-child attachment. Borich & Tombari (1997, p29) 7. 1 CULTURAL potpourri 7. 1. 1 De? nition of Cultural smorgasbord fit to Garcia, acculturation refers to Henson & Eller (1999, p121) posit that the term diversity base Whereas Borich & Tombari (1997. p29) posit that173i. CHAPTER 7 l iodine-on-one DIFFERENCES 173 Group social rank apprise include racial identi? cation, but regardless(prenominal) of race, it can qualify further in term of assumptions, values, vocabulary, religion, behaviour, and symbols. (Oconor, 1988 in Tan 2003). systema skeletale 7. 1 Various races in Malaysia. In Mal aysia we give up different races such as the Malays, Chinese, Indians and others as illustrated in come across 7. 1. Each of the races has their grab culture. Culture is a broad and encopassing concept. Even though we equate culture with race or ethnic individuation, the truth is that within racial or ethnic groups in that location can be cultural variations.In short, culture governs how we think and feel, how we dress and how we live, and it is born largely of socialization. We frequently recognize national culture such as Malays, Chinese, Indians and others. We share Malaysian citizenship. So, differences in culture pertaining to Malaysia in addition stand for differences in ethnicity and race. 7. 1. 2 The Role of Culture in Shaping Similarities and Di? erences Among Individuals Culture has partake on our students socialization. Some elements of culture including religion, foods, holidays and celebrations, dress, autobiography and traditions, and art and music.C ultural diversity also can manifest in our views of the life cycle, decorum and discipline, health and hygiene (Example Explanations of illness and death), values, ladder and play, and succession and space. All could be elements of a shared national culture or of additional family cultures. Each element shapes our students through socialization within their families, later through teacher, peers and environment. man-to-man DIFFERENCES l CHAPTER 7 174 We need to go on in mind that our students membership in cultural groups signi? cantly in? uences their lives both privileged and outside of shoal.Therefore, we ask to consider cultural diversities be construct honouring cultural diversities enhances classroom teaching and nurture. As teachers, we make believe to understand these cultural diversities and try to accommodate to these differences. We create to honour other peoples beliefs and values because they have their rationale and that contributes to a harmonious society a nd peaceful nation. These have to start in school where the students are aware of their differences and teacher instil within them the espirit de subject matter (spirit to live together peacefully), tolerance towards others, empathy and pro social behaviour.175i. CHAPTER 7 l exclusive DIFFERENCES 175 To answer that question, Tan (2003), recognizes three ship canal in addressing cultural differences as illustrated in Figure 7. 2 Now let us examine all these cuddlees. (a) Assimilation Theory harmonize to the immersion theory, all students must conform to the rules of the Anglo- American group culture, regardless of their family culture or the rules of other groups to which they belong. Anglo culture is superior to all others, differences are lowering and rejected. Figure 7. 2 Three ways in addressing cultural differences INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES l CHAPTER 7.176 (b) Amalgamation Theory According to Davidson & Phelan Cultural differences are omitd. through and through the years, many of us have been comforted by the thawing pot view of our societys institutions. But, it too has further the loss of individual identity. (c) Cultural Pluralism According to Davidson & Phelan Diversity is non feared or criticized or ignored. It is valued, even celebrated. An effective teacher holds this view of diversity and incorporates beliefs about multicultural education. Multicultural education is education in which a tend of cultural perspectives is presented to students.The amalgamation theory is the melting pot onward motion in which elements of individual cultures are blended to expire a new, synthesized American culture. (Davidson & Phelan, 1993) In cultural pluralism, we are encouraged to take multicultural view, in which we attempt to address the elements of both shared national culture and individual and/or family culture together. (Davidson & Phelan, 1993) 1. What is cultural diversity? present few fonts of cultural diversity in your answer. 2. Think of ways in which teacher can accommodate to the cultural diversity among students. 177i. CHAPTER 7 l INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES.177 7. 2 RACES AND ETHINICITY DIVERSITY Race and ethnicity are factors contribute to studentsdiversity. Through race and ethnicity, we will be able to trace the studentsroot and cultural make up. Through this awareness indeed we can be seemly in our enshroudment to all students in the classroom. As Ladson-Billings (1994) notes The notion of faithfulness as comparableness only makes sense when all students are simply the same. Ladson-Billings (1994) In reality we are different in race, ethnicity, culture and ways of life. Therefore we should take advantage of these differences by learning other phraseologys, about food and dances.Students would respect teachers who know about their students linguistic communications other than their own because it enhances their knowledge about the students and make their communiaction with the students easier. In M alaysia, we have di? erent race that are Malays, Chinese, Indians, Eurasian and others. Within the races, we have sub-groups or ethnicity. Examples of the sub-groups or ethnicity are listed in table 7. 1. Table 7. 1 Races and it sub-groups or ethnicity in Malaysia. Race Malays Chinese Sub-groups or ethnicity ? ? Javanese? Malays? ? Bugis? Malays ? Kelantanese?? Malays ? Johorean? Malays ? Malaccan? Malays? etc.Chinese come from many move of China which contribute to ethnic di? erences such as ? ? Hokkien ? ? Cantonese ? ? Hailam? and? etc. INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES l CHAPTER 7 178 7. 3 LINGUISTIC DIVERSITY Linguistic diversity is one of the elements that contributes to students diversity. Your class will have spoken communication diversity, and you will have to realize that you need to be sensitive to this lingual diversity and adjust accordingly. In Malaysia, we are lucky because the medium of argument is in Malay or Bahasa Melayu for all subjects except for slope. Further much, slope is regarded as the uphold style andball students must pass the subject at the Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia level or the form 5 national exam.It moulds young generations of Malaysia to at least master three languages, namely Bahasa Melayu, the incline language, and their mother tongue. With this capacity, it enhances the Malaysians to understand each other and to live harmoniously. Tan (2003) suggested two ways to teachers in addressing language diversity as displayn in Figure 7. 3, which are Facilitating English, and Immersion and transitional Methods. Indians ? ? Tamil? Nadu ? ? Hindustani ? ? Benggali ? ? Pakistani ? ? Bangla? (Bangladesh)? ? ? Bangla? (Sri? Lanka)?and? etc.? These races and ethnicities also contribute to language differences. 1. What are race and ethnicity diversity? ordinate few examples of race and ethnicity in Malaysia. 2. Can you understand other race or ethnic language? List out the advantages for teachers if they know their student languages. Figure 7. 3 dickens suggested ways in addressing language diversity by Tan(2003) 179i. CHAPTER 7 l INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 179 Let us examine those approaches. (a) Facilitating English Enhancing the mastering of the English language among students can help overcome the problem of communication with others in the school and outside the school.Teaching English to all students is regarded as a hammer for cultural understanding and communication among students. We can emphasize perception in our classroom. If you can understand the student and the student can understand you, then achievement can continue. Increased student achievement should be our overall instructional goal, regardless of linguistic diversity issues. (b) Immersion and transitional Method Traditionally, we believed immersion approach was the dress hat way to move children to amount language usage. In this approach, from the beginning till the end, the instructor uses only the language to be learned.It becomes, then, a sin k or swim proposition. Some children swim, they prosper under these conditions they learn the language with few problems. Other students, however, sink they do not learn the language and suffer inside and outside of class. Similarly, lingually diverse students can sink or swim in language learning. Conversely, teacher whitethorn use transitional or balance multilingual strategies for adding standard language as a shared communicative tool are being examined. These approaches start with the language the student brings into the classroom and take a leak on family and cultural language to promote standard language usage. memorize on an example case below Several? years? ago,? a? Massachusetts? teacher,? Gary? Simpkins,? attempted? to? move? his African-American students toward standard American English usage by developing? an? approach? called? Bridge? (Shells,? 1976).? He? apply? transitional? strategies? whereby? the? students? learn? English? at?? rst? in? their? language-Blac k? English in reading, writing and oral communication. Midway through, he taught partly? Black? English? and? partly? standard? American? English.? By? the? end? of? the? instructional period, he taught all in standard American English but allay aloud student? to? use?Black-English? for? less? formal? communication. The implementation of approach above yielded promising results. 1. What is linguistic diversity? 2. Explain how teacher can help the students overcome language differences. INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES l CHAPTER 7 one hundred eighty 7. 4 LEARNING STYLE OR COGNITIVE STYLE DIVERSITY 7. 4. 1 De? nition of larn musical mode and cognitive Style Kagan is one of the earlier psychologists who introduced the re? ective and impulsive cognitive style. Later, Witkin and Coodenough(1977) founded the concept of ? eld- independent and dependent cognitive style(Borich & Tombari, 1997).Another earliest psychologist, Massick proposed the concept of cognitive style. According to Massic k Cognitive style is stable attitudes preferences or habitual strategies determining a soulfulnesss typical modes of perceiving, have in minding, mentation and problem solving. Messick (1976, p5) Later, there are various de? nitions for learning style or cognitive style by psychologists, depending on their views and perspectives as shown in Table 7. 2. Table 7. 2 Various de? nitions of Learning Style and Cognitive Style by psychologists. Tan et. al. (2003) Psychologist De? nition of Learning Style and Cognitive Style Henson and Eller (1999, p505).Learning? styles? are? biological? and? socialized? di? erences? or? preferences for how students learn. Where as cognitive style is studentsmost comfortable, consistent, and expedient ways of perceiving? and? fashioning? sense? of? information. Tan et. al. (2003) ? Learning? style? is? how? elements? from? introductory? stimuli? in? the? watercourse? and past environment a? ect an individuals business whizer to absorb and retain information. Henson and Eller (1999, p505) ? In? this? de? nition,? Tan? stressed? the? in? uence? of? biological? and? socialization? in? moulding? students? learning? style.??? ? Henson? and? Eller? stress? on? basic? stimuli?that? a? ect? individuals? learning style. 181i. CHAPTER 7 l INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 181 Woolfolk (2004, p603), Sternberg (1997) ?Learning? preferences? is? preferred? ways? of? studying? or? learn- ing,? such? as? utilise? pictures? instead? of? text,? working? with? other? people versus alone, learning in structured or unstructured situation, and so on. Whereas a cognitive style is di? erent ways? of? perceiving? and? organizing? information. Woolfolk ? Learning? and? thinking? styles? are? not? abilities,? but? rather? preferred ways of using ones abilities. (Santrock, 2008, p132). ?Woolfolk? proposed? that? learning? styles?as? characteristic? approaches to learning and studying. ? She? also? equates? learning? styles? and? learning? preferences.?? ? A ccording? to? Sternberg,? intelligence? refers? to? ability. ? Individual? vary? so? much? in? thinking? and? learning? style,? ? literally? hundreds? of? learning? and? thinking? styles? have? been? proposed by educators and psychologist. So from these de? nitions, we ? nd overlapping views on learning styles and cognitive styles. We can think that Learning style and cognitive style cover many domains such as physical, psychological, audio, visual, kinaesthetic, etc. INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES l CHAPTER 7.182 7. 4. 2 Types of Learning Styles According to Butler, there are few types of learning styles(Butler, 1989 in Tan, 2003) such as explained below. (a) Psychological/Affective styles One of the official documents to assess individuals learning style for this type of learning style is Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI). This instrument will reveal how a student feel about him/herself and how conceit developed is linked to learning. (b) Physiological Styles There are few instrume nts in this category such as Honey and Munford Learning Styles Inventory, Kolb Learning style inventory, humour tastes Inventory, etc. These instruments show individual of her/his consistent ways to advance learning through the use of the senses or environmental stimuli. These instruments also show hemispheric specialisation (i. e. right or left brain), auditory, visual, kinaesthetic, olfactory preferences or preferences for environmental conditions. (c) Cognitive Styles Students whitethorn utilize cognitive styles such as ? eld-dependent or independent, impulsive or re? ective, whole or serial, etc. These instruments measure consistent ways of responding and using stimuli in the environment, how things are comprehend and make sense, the most comfortable, expedientnand pleasurable way to process information.7. 4. 3 quantity of Learning Styles and Cognitive Styles Since students preferred styles of learning in? uence their achievements and teachers learning styles in? uenc e their instructional choices, it is suggested that teacher and students take the test we describe below. (a) Modality Preference Inventory Through this inventory, teacher and students can classify their learning styles such as auditory, visual or kinaesthetic. To assess an individuals learning style, he/she has to respond to the questions shown in Figure 7. 4. 183i. CHAPTER 7 l INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 183 Learning Styles.Modality Preference Inventory Read each controversy and select the appropriate number response as it applies to you. Often (3) sometimes (2) Seldom/Never (1) Visual Modality ? I? remember? information? better? if? I? write? it? down. ? Looking? at? the? person? helps? keep? me? focused. ? I? need? a? quiet? space? to? get? my? work? done. ? When? I? take? a? test,? I? can? see? the? school text? page? in? my? head. ? I? need? to? write? down? directions,? not? just? take? them? verbally. ? Music? or? background? noise? distracts? my? assistance? from? the? task? at? hand. ? I? dont? always? get? the? meaning? of? a? joke. ?I? doodle? and? draw? pictures? on? the? margins? of? my? notebook computer? pages. ? I? react? very? strongly? to? colors. ? Total Auditory Modality ? ? My? papers? and? notebooks? always? seem? messy. ? ? When? I? read,? I? need? to? use? my? index?? nger? to? track? my? place? on?? the line. ? ? I? do? not? follow? written? directions? well. ? ? If? I? hear? something,? I? will? remember? it. ? ? Writing? has? always? been? di? cult? for? me. ? ? I? often? misread? voice communication? from? the? text? (eg,? them? for? then) ? ? I? would? rather? listen? and? learn? than? read? and? learn. ? ? Im? not? very? good? at? interpreting? an?individuals? body? language. ? ?Pages? with? small? print? or? execrable? choice? copies? are? di? cult? for? me?? to read. ? ? My? eyes? tire? quickly,? even? though? my? dream? check-up? is? always?? ?ne. ? ? Total Kinesthetic Modality ? I? start? a? project? before? reading? the? d irections. ? I? hate? to? sit? at? a? desk? for? long? periods? of? time. ? I? prefer? to? see? something? done? and? then? to? do? it? myself. ? I? use? the? trial? and? error? approach? to? problem-solving. ? I? identical? to? read? my? textbook? while? riding? an? exercise? bike. ? I? take? frequent? study? breaks. ? I? have? di? culty? braggy? gradually? instructions. ? I? enjoy? sports? and? do? well? at? several? di? erent? types? of? sports. ? I? use? my? hands? when? describing? things. ? I? have? to? rewrite? or? type? my? class? notes? to? reinforce? the? poppycock. ? Total Total the score for each section. A score of 21 points or more in a humor indicates a strength in that area. The? senior high schoolest? of? the? 3? scores? indicates? the? most? e? cient? method? of? information? intake.? The? second? highest? score indicates the modality which boosts the primary strength. Figure 7. 4Example of questions should be responded by students to measure their learning sty les.INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES l CHAPTER 7 184 (b) Field-Dependent and free-lance Teacher or student may utilize Field-Dependent or Independent Cognitive Style in percep- tion or information processing. Field-Independent learners perceive items as more or less separate from the surrounding ? eld. They are interested in concept for their own sake. They have self-de? ned goals and function successfully in self-structured situations and impersonal learning environments. For ? eld-dependent learners, their mode of learning is strongly in? uenced by the prevailing context or setting. They are more aware of their surroundings as they learn.These learners value practical information. They can memorize human faces and social facts such as best friends birth date more easily than ? eld- independent learners. Garger and Guild(1987) have summarized the characteristics of ? eld-independent and ?eld-dependent learners. These are illustrated in Table 7. 3. From this table it is clear that, at least in the extremes, the two styles are very different. Table 7. 3 Characteristics of Field-Dependent and Independent learners. Perceives globally. Perceives analytically. FIELD-DEPENDENT FIELD-INDEPENDENT Makes broad general distinctions among concepts, sees relationships.Learns material with social content best. Requires externally de? ned goals and reinforcements. Makes speci? c concept distinctions, little overlap. Learns social material only as an intended task. Has self-de? ned goals and reinforcements. Experiences in a global fashion, adheres to structures as given. Social orientation. Attends best to material relevant to own experience. Needs organization provided. Experiences in an articulate fashion, imposes structures of restrictions. electroneutral orientation. Interested in new concepts for their own sake. Can self-structure situations. Learning Styles- dependance and Independence Descriptions.185i. CHAPTER 7 l INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 185 More a? ected by criticism. Less a? ected by criticism. Uses spectator approach for concept attainment. Uses hypothesis-testing approach to attain concepts. Teacher and students can assess their cognitive style using imbed Figures Test (EFT) or Group Embedded Figures Test(GEFT). In this test, they have to recognize geometry ?gure, which are embedded in the picture or in the background. Those who can recognize the ? gure faster than the others are learners with the ? eld-independent style and those who take bimestrial than a few seconds or cannot ? nd the ? gure at all, can be classi?ed as ? eld- dependent learners. Figure 7. 5 illustrates an example of Embedded Figures Test (EFT). Recognize? the? geometry?? gure,? which? are? embedded? in? the? designs? picture.? INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES l CHAPTER 7 186 Answer Figure 7. 5 An example of Embedded Figure Test (EFT) If you are a ? eld-independent teacher, you may be comfortable giving lectures and empha- sizing cognition. You may prefer offering corrective feedback, us ing shun feedback as excuseed, and you may use grades and personal goal charts motivationally. If you are a ? eld-dependent teacher, you may prefer interaction and conversation with your students.You may rely less on corrective feedback and little on negative evaluations. You also like to establish a warm and personal environment and prefer to inspire through external reward such as verbal praise. galore(postnominal) educational psychologist views that if the teacher cognitive style match with the student cognitive style, students? will? bene? t? most? and? vice? versa.? Student? learn? best when there is congruence between their preferred teaching style. Unfortunately, most teachers ignore students? cognitive? style? because? it? takes? longer? time? for? them to form lesson plan and devices or activities to ful? l their needs.1. What is cognitive style and learning style? 2. Give a few examples of learning or cognitive styles. 187i. CHAPTER 7 l INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 187 7. 5 GENDER DIFFERENCES Linguistic diversity is one of the elements that contributes to students diversity. Your class will have language diversity, and you will have to realize that you need to be sensitive to this linguistic diversity and adjust accordingly. In Malaysia, we are lucky because the medium of instruction is in Malay or Bahasa Melayu for all subjects except for English. Furthermore, English is regarded as the second language and all students must pass the subject at the Sijil Pelajaran Malaysialevel or the form 5 national exam.It moulds young generations of Malaysia to at least mastering three languages, namely Bahasa Melayu, the English language, and their mother tongue. With this capacity, it enhances the Malaysians to understand each other and to live harmoniously. Tan (2003) suggested two ways to teachers in addressing language diversity as shown in Figure 7. 3, which are Facilitating English, and Immersion and Transitional Methods. In Asian society, being a girl or a son has signi? cant impact. The people usually adore boys than girls.Its because most Asian country are rice bowl or dependent on agriculture where the man are more utilizable in manual of arms jobs than ladies. But they forget, in terms of resilience and patience, the women are the winners Now, let us examine gender-related student differences in several ways and explore their implications for teaching. argon you resent being a girl? You dont have to. Accept things as it is. (a) Developmental rates According? to? Egan? and? Kauchak Di? erences exist in boys and girls developmental rates. Girls develop faster with? di? erences? in? verbal? and? motor? skills? seem? at? an? early? age.?Boys?and? girls? are? di? erent in other areas as well, and these di? erences emerge as early as the preschool years. Girls tend to play with dolls and other girls and to run toward activities such as? make-believe? and? dress-up.? Boys? play? with? blocks,? cars,? dinosaurs,? and? other ? boys. (Egan and Kauchak, 1997). INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES l CHAPTER 7 188 We? can? observe? society? and? family,? school? and? work? place? treat? girls and boys di? erently. In the family, they are treated di? erently from the day they were born. ? Baby? girls? are? given? pink? blankets,? are? called? cute? and? handled? delicately. ?Baby? boys? are? dressed to kill(p)? in? blue,? are? regarded? as? handsome,? and are seen as tougher, better coordinated, and hardier. Di? erences in treatment continue in later years. In high school, girls? become? cheerleaders? for? the? boys,? who? become? basketball? or? football players. (b) Family treatment (c) Expectation for school success (d) Academic area These di? erences also include expectation for school success. Parents? plausibly? communicate? di? erent? expectations? for? their? sons and daughters. Researchers have found that Research on gender e? ects founded di? erences in boys and girls in di? erent academic areas.According? to ? Maccoby? and? Jacklin, Parents? gender-stereotyped? attitudes? toward? girls? ability? in? math,? adversely? in? uence? their? daughters? achievement? in? math? and their attitudes toward it. (Nagy-Jacklin, 1989 in Egan & Kauchak, 1997) Boys? did? better? in? math? and? on? visual? and? spatial? tasks,? example? tasks? in? geometry.? Girls? did? better? in? on? verbal? skills? such? as? in? languages. (Maccoby & Jacklin, 1974) 189i. CHAPTER 7 l INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 189 Boys? and? girls? also? stock? di? erent? treatment? in? school.? Both? male? and? female? teacher? treat? boys? and? girls? di?erently.??They? interact? with? the? boys? more? often? and? ask? them? more? questions,? and? those? questions? are? more? conceptual? and abstract. (e) Treatment in school Gender stereotyping also in? uences career decisions. According to Kochenberger-Stroeher Signi? cantly, when children choose non-traditional roles for males or females, their choices are based on personal expe rience. Di? erences in students view of gender-appropriate careers appear as early as kindergarten. (Kochenberger-Stroeher, 1994) ?One? of? the? most? powerful? factors? in? uencing? school? performance? is? socio-economic? status? (SES),?the? combination? of? parents? income,? occupations,? and? level? of? education.? SES? consistently? predicts? intelligence? and? achievement? test? scores,? grades,? truancy? and dropout and suspension rates. (Ballantine, 1989 in Egan & Kauchak, 1997) 1. Why teacher treat boys and girls otherwise? 2. Give few examples of different treatment to boys and girls. 3. Think of ways in which teacher can accommodate to gender differences. 7. 6 DIFFERENCES IN SOCIO? sparing STATUS According to Ballantine INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES l CHAPTER 7 190 umteen? families? lack? in? proper? nourishment,? and? adequate? medical? care.?Poverty? also? in? uences? the? quality? of? home-life,? unstable? work? conditions? increased? economic? problems? that? lead t o parental frustration, anger and depression. These pressures? can? lead? to? family? scattered,? marital? con? ict? and? nurturing homes. The impact of SES is also transmitted through parental attitudes and values where their attitudes and values are different. Example is in interaction pattern. Low SES parents are more liable(predicate) to tell, rather than explain. High SES parents, in contrast, talk more with their children, explain ideas and the cause of events, and encourage independent thinking.Walbergs observed that High SES parents are more probably to ask wh questions (who, when, where, why) promoting language development, provide strong foundation for reading and vocabulary development. (Walberg, 1991) 191i. CHAPTER 7 l INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 191 The educational aspirations parents have for their children are probably the most powerful variables a? ecting achievement.? Parents? who? expect? their? children? to? graduate? from high school and to attend college have ch ildren who do well than parents who have low aspirations. These expecta- tions are communicated through dialogue betweenparents and children.?Low? SES? parents? in? contrast,? allow? their? children? to? drift into classes and often got loss in the shu? e and failed in their lives. The differences between low and high SES families also re? ect the emphasis placed on students autonomy and responsibility. High-SES parents emphasize self-direction, self- control, and individual responsibility while low-SES parents, in contrast, place greater emphasis on conformity and obedience. 1. What is meant by parents SES differences? 2. Give few examples impact of SES on students aspirations, attitudes and values.3. Think of ways in which teacher can accommodate to SES bdifferences. 7. 7 WAYS IN EMBRACING DIVERSITIES To be a good teacher, you should know the ways to embracing diversities among your students. Below are the discussions on how to handle your students diversities in the gender differ ences, cultural, race and ethnicity, learning style, socioeconomy and linguistic differences. (a) Gender differences It is not easy to eliminate gender differences in the class, but to make teacher cautious and not gender bias, Figure 7. 6 shows some recommendations warrant that need to be considered. Avoid stereotypical language. (Example Okay, guys lets get work) set up equal opportunities for males and females. (Example club membership). INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES l CHAPTER 7 192 In eliminating race and ethnicity, we move toward moulding one Malaysian nation with the same identity and characteristics such as same language and same spirit. One of the ways to unite Malaysians is through education system where all races study in the same school, same college and same university. All Malay- sian? know? and? appreciate? the? same? food? like? nasi lemak, roti canai, the tarik, tosay,mee teow, mee suah and etc. In coping with students with learning styles diversity, teacher may use mul ti-approach in instruction such as conjunct learning which is sufficient for ? eld-dependent students and doing experiment and also suitable for ?Eld-independent students. During instruction, teacher may use diagram and charts which is suitable for visual learner, using records and video tapes? which? is? suitable? for? auditory? learners? and? utilize? hands-on experience such as experimenting for haptic learners. Reduce or oust gender-typed activities. (Example Girls have to cook, boys wash the car). Figure 7. 6 Some recommendations warrant that need to be consider to eliminate gender differences in the class. (b) Cultural diversity In eliminating cultural diversity, teacher may utilize assimilation, amalgamation or cultural pluralism approach.In Malaysia we are encouraged to utilize cultural pluralism approach. (c) Race and ethnicity (d) Learning styles diversity 193i. CHAPTER 7 l INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 193 Teacher have to help students from poor family to excel by motivat ing them to learn, give extra-class to help them catch up? with? the? other? students,? possibly? organizing? charity? work? to? earn? money? that? can? be? donated? to? the? poor? students.? Later,? teacher? can? also?